4 Search Results

Here, to address the cyber-physical security in PV farms, a hybrid cyber-attack detection is proposed in this manuscript. To secure PV farms, the proposed method integrates model-based and data-driven methods by fusing the detection score at the device and system levels. First, a model-based cyber-attack detection method is developed for each PV inverter. A residual between the estimation of the Kalman filter and measurement is calculated. By leveraging the calculated residual from all inverters, a squared Mahalanobis distance is developed for device detection score generation. At the system level, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed to detect cyber-attack usingmore » the waveform data at the point of common coupling (PCC) in PV farms. To improve the CNN detection accuracy, a set of well-designed features are extracted from the raw waveform data. Finally, a weighted detection score fusion method is proposed to combine device and system detection scores by using their complementary strength. The feasibility and robustness of the proposed method are validated by testing cases and a comparative experiment.« less

Plant roots integrate environmental signals with development using exquisite spatiotemporal control. This is apparent in the deposition of suberin, an apoplastic diffusion barrier, which regulates flow of water, solutes and gases, and is environmentally plastic. Suberin is considered a hallmark of endodermal differentiation but is absent in the tomato endodermis. Instead, suberin is present in the exodermis, a cell type that is absent in the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we demonstrate that the suberin regulatory network has the same parts driving suberin production in the tomato exodermis and the Arabidopsis endodermis. Despite this co-option of network components, the networkmore » has undergone rewiring to drive distinct spatial expression and with distinct contributions of specific genes. Functional genetic analyses of the tomato MYB92 transcription factor and ASFT enzyme demonstrate the importance of exodermal suberin for a plant water-deficit response and that the exodermal barrier serves an equivalent function to that of the endodermis and can act in its place.« less

Here, in this study, a novel magnetic semimetal compound, Gd₈Mn₃Sb₁₉, was synthesized successfully via high-temperature solid-state reaction. The crystal structure of Gd₈Mn₃Sb₁₉ was determined using both single crystal and powder X-ray diffraction techniques, revealing a non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic space group, Pmn2₁ (No. 31). The Sb atoms in Gd₈Mn₃Sb₁₉ form five-atom-wide Sb₅⁷⁻ ribbons, narrower three-atom-wide Sb₃⁵⁻ ribbons, and single Sb³⁻ anions. On the other hand, both Gd³⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions form the distorted Gd₃ and Mn₃ triangular lattices, respectively. The magnetic measurements suggest the complex magnetic interactions contributed by both Gd³⁺ and Mn²⁺ ions. A sharp peak observed in the magnetic susceptibilitymore » plot at approximately 25 K corresponds to the antiferromagnetic-type transition in Gd₈Mn₃Sb₁₉. Furthermore, the magnetic measurements along different directions indicate the strong magnetic anisotropy present in Gd₈Mn₃Sb₁₉, which is likely due to the complex magnetic interactions arising from the existence of Gd and Mn ions. Finally, the electrical resistivity measurements of Gd₈Mn₃Sb₁₉ indicate semimetallic behavior with a positive magnetoresistance.« less

The Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC) includes both plant and human pathogens that cause devastating plant vascular wilt diseases and threaten public health. Each F. oxysporum genome comprises core chromosomes (CCs) for housekeeping functions and accessory chromosomes (ACs) that contribute to host-specific adaptation. This study inspects global transcription factor profiles (TFomes) and their potential roles in coordinating CC and AC functions to accomplish host-specific interactions. Remarkably, we found a clear positive correlation between the sizes of TFomes and the proteomes of an organism. With the acquisition of ACs, the FOSC TFomes were larger than the other fungal genomes included inmore » this study. Among a total of 48 classified TF families, 14 families involved in transcription/translation regulations and cell cycle controls were highly conserved. Among the 30 FOSC expanded families, Zn2-C6 and Znf_C2H2 were most significantly expanded to 671 and 167 genes per family including well-characterized homologs of Ftf1 (Zn2-C6) and PacC (Znf_C2H2) that are involved in host-specific interactions. Manual curation of characterized TFs increased the TFome repertoires by 3% including a disordered protein Ren1. RNA-Seq revealed a steady pattern of expression for conserved TF families and specific activation for AC TFs. Functional characterization of these TFs could enhance our understanding of transcriptional regulation involved in FOSC cross-kingdom interactions, disentangle species-specific adaptation, and identify targets to combat diverse diseases caused by this group of fungal pathogens.« less